When Sudan becomes two countries on July 9, 2011, the two new states will face multiple urgent crises. Provocative military action by the Government of Sudan, especially the invasion of Abyei, has aggravated tensions and threatens a new international conflict between North and South Sudan. In the North, Darfur’s conflict has deepened during the past year and violence has broken out in South Kordofan. Northern-stoked militia violence threatens the stability of the South and is exacerbated by abusive and indiscriminate southern responses.