The Iraqi people are already in a highly
vulnerable situation. With Iraq's basic infrastructures eroded by decades
of war, national mismanagement and twelve years of sanctions, another war
in Iraq will have devastating humanitarian consequences for the civilian
population. For that reason, Oxfam remains convinced that military action
is unjustifiable. One vital way to protect Iraq's vulnerable civilians
is to avert a war.
However, if a war goes ahead, it must
be conducted in accordance with International Humanitarian Law. This imposes
an unavoidable responsibility on warring parties to take all necessary
precautions to avoid loss of civilian life by refraining from indiscriminate
attacks; preserving the infrastructure upon which the civilian population
depends and allowing free passage of humanitarian relief. All parties to
the conflict are responsible for respecting International Humanitarian
Law. It is the responsibility of the whole international community to ensure
that they do.
Executive Summary
The Iraqi people are in the midst of a humanitarian disaster. Failing water and sanitation systems have spread disease; more than one in ten children die before the age of five. Iraq's economic collapse has left more than fifty per cent of its people dependent upon food rations for survival. In addition, Iraq's impoverished people are preparing themselves for a possible war. Having imposed indefinite and comprehensive sanctions on Iraq in response to its government's failure to comply with successive UN resolutions, the international community already shares responsibility for the vulnerability of the Iraqi people. If war goes ahead, the vulnerability of the Iraqi people, and the responsibility of the international community to protect them, will be greatly increased.
One vital way to protect Iraq's vulnerable civilians is to avert a war. However, if war goes ahead, to protect Iraq's civilians from the conflict it must be conducted in accordance with International Humanitarian Law. All parties to the conflict are responsible for respecting International Humanitarian Law. First and foremost, this imposes an unavoidable responsibility to take all necessary precautions to avoid loss of civilian life. Such protection encompasses key implications for how war is fought:
Indiscriminate attacks - those that do not distinguish between combatants and non-combatants - are prohibited. Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons, but also cluster bombs and landmines can by their very nature only be indiscriminate.
- Military attacks must not have a disproportionate
effect on civilians. With a high risk of civilians being trapped inside
potential conflict areas, such as major cities, those responsible for the
use of weapons must take into account any potential impact on civilians
that is disproportionate to the direct military advantage of such weapons
use.
- Likewise, the targeting of water, electrical,
or transport infrastructure upon which the Iraqi people depend for their
survival will almost certainly have a disproportionate and highly damaging
effect on civilians.
- All parties to the conflict must allow free passage of impartial humanitarian assistance. Assistance must be prompt and sufficient in order to preserve life.
Grave breaches of these laws are war crimes. If political leaders, military commanders, and soldiers engaged in military operations in Iraq intentionally breach the laws of war, the independent prosecutor of the International Criminal Court may be urged to investigate and prosecute those responsible.
(References to the relevant sections of International Humanitarian Law are given in the endnotes.)
(pdf* format - 47 KB)