Preliminary Assessment of Needs for Humanitarian Assistance for East Timorese

SEPTEMBER 1999 - FEBRUARY 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY

• 1.1 Objective
• 1.2 Timeframe and financial requirements
• 1.3 Outline Budget by Sector / Issue

2. OVERVIEW

• 2.1 Background
• 2.2 Current Situation
• 2.3 International Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Assistance Involvement
• 2.4 The Rationale for the Preliminary Assessment
• 2.5 Preparation of the Preliminary Assessment

3. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS
4. HUMANITARIAN STRATEGY
5. EAST TIMOR

• 5.1 Summary Budget by Sector/Issue
• 5.2 Sectors
  
  5.2.1 Food
  5.2.2 Non-Food Household Assistance and Shelter
  5.2.3 Health
  5.2.4 Water and Sanitation
  5.2.5 Agriculture
  5.2.6 Education and Community Services
  5.2.7 Physical Infrastructure
• 5.3 Crossing-Cutting Issues
  
  5.3.1 Protection
  5.3.2 Governance
  5.3.3 Community Rehabilitation, Recovery and Reconciliation
  5.3.4 Central Logistics
  5.3.5 Coordination and Communications

6. WEST TIMOR

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Summary Budget by Sector/Issue
• 6.3 Sectors
  
  6.3.1 Food
  6.3.2 Non food household assistance and shelter 6.3.3 Health
  6.3.4 Water and sanitation
  6.3.5 Agriculture
  6.3.6 Education and community services
  6.3.7 Logistics
  6.3.8 Rehabilitation, reconciliation and governance
  A. Affected villages programme for conflict prevention
  B. International advisory team for Governor’s office in West-Timor
• 6.4 Protection
• 6.5 Coordination arrangements

ANNEX 1 PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS

• A. Population in West and East Timor
• B. Affected Population and their Condition
• C. Pattern of displacement in East Timor
• D. Damage and Destruction
• E. Infrastructure and Public Services
• F. Transport and Logistics
• G. Security

ANNEX 2 FAMILY KITS COORDINATIONS

1. SUMMARY

1.1 Objective

The objective of the United Nations (UN) Inter-Agency and Non-Governmental Organisation (NGOs) Preliminary Assessment of Needs for Timor, is to secure resources for initial humanitarian assistance for, and protection of, displaced persons, and provide an outline approach for the coordination of those operations in six key sectors and four cross-cutting issues.

1.2 Timeframe and financial requirements

The Preliminary Assessment is designed to cover the next six months, but the details of the proposed interventions and their costs will be subject to immediate review, as soon as the security situation in both East and West Timor permits the refinement of existing assessments. Individual agency and organisation budgets are under preparation and will be refined at this time. The estimated costs given are approximate global figures in each sector/cross-cutting issue for six-month operations, based on the planning assumptions listed in Annex 1.

1.3 Outline Budget by Sector / Issue

2. OVERVIEW

2.1 Background

In the aftermath of the announcement on 4 September of the result of 30 August ballot in East Timor, more than 500,000 out of the population of 890,000 were displaced by violence in East Timor. A further 150,000 were moved into West Timor and other areas, either by choice or through intimidation and these people remain at risk of continued intimidation and attack. Many hundreds of people were killed, looting has been widespread, and in many areas the majority of houses were burned. The city of Dili was largely destroyed, and the situation is similar in the other large towns, particularly in the region to the west of Dili, running up to the border with West Timor.

2.2 Current Situation

The current security situation in East Timor has not allowed for a comprehensive humanitarian needs assessment, or the delivery of any relief, other than by air-drops. Over 100,000 people have taken refuge in forest and mountain camps, where food supplies and other non-food items are in very short supply, if not already expired.

In West Timor, access to the displaced persons has been most difficult, and at times dangerous. Hence, the East Timorese there are left without protection, and with little capacity at present for humanitarian agencies to monitor the situation. Limited assistance has been provided to the East Timorese in camps in West Timor, by the Indonesian Government, NGOs and the UN.

2.3 International Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Assistance Involvement

The situation in Timor has raised alarm in the international community, which has condemned the violence and mandated a multi-national force through UN Security Council Resolution 1264 (1999) under Chapter 7 on the UN Charter. The aim of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET), is to restore peace and security in East Timor, to protect and support the UN Mission to East Timor (UNAMET), and to facilitate humanitarian assistance operations. A UN Humanitarian Coordinator has been named, and UN Agencies and NGOs are preparing for a major relief operation. However, it is a main objective of the UN not to institutionalise the humanitarian operation but to move as quickly as possible to reconstruction and transitional activities. These issues should, therefore, be integral to the intervention proposed in each sector.

2.4 The Rationale for the Preliminary Assessment

In the absence of any up-to-date assessment data, and in order to take advantage of the preparatory time before deployment to generate a coordinated humanitarian approach, seven UN Agencies and eleven NGOs are working together on the preparation of a preliminary appeal for humanitarian assistance in Timor. This early assessment estimate the humanitarian needs for the next six months, until February 2000, but will, therefore require substantial revision after accurate assessment. This will only be possible when the security situation permits it, perhaps one-two weeks after arrival, but the appeal is being prepared now in order to provide an indication of the needs and proposed response to a high-level donor mission to the East Timor Crisis on Wednesday, 22 September 1999.

2.5 Preparation of the Preliminary Assessment

Working Groups (WG), composed of the available personnel from UN Agencies and NGOs were constituted in Darwin to address the key humanitarian needs in each sector, as well as a number of wider cross-cutting issues. The UN Agency or the NGO with the relevant expertise, which is acting as the focal point for its respective sector or issue, chairs the WGs. The WGs and the focal point organisations cover seven sectors and five wider cross-cutting issues. The cross-cutting issues in particular will be partly determined by UNAMET’s future role, and is conditional on the finalisation of the third phase of its operation. More in-depth consultation with East Timorese leaders on priorities for aid and development is also critical to implementation.

In Jakarta, coordination meetings took place with UN Agencies, donors, NGOs and the ICRC to determine the current level of humanitarian assistance, constraints and future plans.

3. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS

A set of assumptions was made in order to develop the inputs required in the preparation of the Preliminary Assessment. They were designed to provide some parameters for the development of the sectoral work-plans in the absence of verified data, and the assumptions will be confirmed or refuted and the parameters further refined, on the completion of field assessments. They concern the size of the overall caseload, its locations, state of destitution, and probable intentions; likely scenarios for action by the Indonesian Government and military (TNI); INTERFET actions and the level of support it will provide for humanitarian operations; UN and NGO priorities, and the freedom they will have, to access needy populations and to operate within East Timor under whatever civil authority will now prevail. The detailed set of assumptions used in this assessment is found in Annex 1.

4. HUMANITARIAN STRATEGY

The broad objective of the humanitarian agencies is to provide emergency assistance to the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and other vulnerable populations in East Timor, while creating conditions for more sustainable development.

In West Timor, protection and emergency supplies needs to be provided to the displaced East Timorese, until such time as they can decide on their own whether they want to return home, or stay in West Timor or elsewhere in Indonesia.

5. EAST TIMOR

5.1 Summary Budget by Sector/Issue

5.2 Sectors

5.2.1 Food

(i) Objective

To save lives and improve nutritional status of the affected populations through the timely provision of a basic food ration to displaced persons (DPs) and returnees and through the provision of a micro-nutrient fortified blended food to vulnerable groups (young children and pregnant/lactating mothers).

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• East Timor population was 890,000 of whom 150,000 have left the territory;
• 100,000 of the displaced population East Timor are expected to return over the next six months;
• Of those remaining in East Timor, many are displaced and have not been able to plant food crops for several months, due to insecurity;
• Of the total displaced population (in East and West Timor), up to 490,000 are seriously affected and need full food rations for six months; a further 150,000 IDPs in East Timor have some means of self-sufficiency and may need half rations for six months; 100,000 returnees need full food rations.
• The total number of beneficiaries in East and West Timor is estimated at 740,000 persons. This is expected to be the maximum caseload, i.e. in a worst case scenario. The figures will be refined after in-country assessments are undertaken.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• Almost total crop loss for 490,000 DPs and partial crop loss for a further 150,000 persons;
• Externally displaced persons have not planted during last harvest and have no food stocks left;
• If the October/November planting season for maize and rice is successful (i.e. sufficient seeds and rains), most of the displaced persons could be reasonably self-sufficient after the next harvest, in March. However, lack of seeds and lack of land preparation are likely to be major constraints.

(iii) Proposed intervention

Ration scales:

• The proposed basic full ration scales per capita per day in grams is: maize 450, pulses 60, vegetable oil 25;
• The proposed ration scale for micro-nutrient fortified blended food for supplementary feeding of young children and pregnant and lactating mothers, in grams per capita per day: 100.

Estimated food relief requirements:

• Quantities in MTs: cereals (rice or preferably yellow maize) 53,865; pulses 7,182; vegetable oil 2,993; blended food 1,980. Total quantity: 66,020 MTs over six months, or some 11,000 MTs per month.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• CARE, Catholic Relief Service/Caritas a local consortium of NGOs and World Vision, will be WFP’s main implementing partners. Additional national organisations may be identified during the course of implementation;
• UNICEF will take the lead in organising the supplementary feeding programme, in cooperation with interested NGOs.

5.2.2 Non-Food Household Assistance and Shelter

(i) Objective

To provide emergency non-food household items and shelters materials to 600,000 East Timorese during their displacement and shortly following their return.

(ii) Situation

• Up to 50 percent of homes in East Timor have been destroyed or substantially damaged;
• The majority of those homes not destroyed/damaged have been looted of their possessions;
• The provision of emergency shelter (plastic sheeting, timber and tools), soap and safe water containers will protect the health of displaced persons, reducing the need for medical intervention;
• The caseload is estimated to be 600,000 people displaced in East Timor, and 100-200,000 remaining in their homes, but, due to lack of data, all assumptions are subject to change, most likely immediately following initial assessment missions expected in the week of 19 September 1999.

(iii) Proposed intervention

• UNHCR, ICRC and the relevant NGOs have agreed to standardise their non-food items and shelter materials to develop a family kit for distribution throughout East Timor to each displaced family, working jointly to contribute various items to each kit, or by assembling and distributing entire kits in defined geographic areas to avoid programme overlap;
• The agencies involved in the implementation of the response in this sector comprise ACF, CARE Australia, CARITAS, ICRC, Oxfam, World Vision, UNICEF and UNHCR;
• Each family kit is comprised of a plastic sheet (1), wool blankets (2), sleeping mats (2), cotton pieces for sarongs or feminine hygiene use (2), soap bars (5) or hygiene kit (1), kitchen/dish set (1), jerrycan (2 ten litre or 1 twenty litre), and bucket or basin (1). Towels may also be included in the kit.
• Shortly after the humanitarian entry to East Timor, the organisations will have sufficient materials for family kits for 40,000 families (200,000 persons) in Darwin, Australia, or East Timor;
• Domestic shelter repair will be the responsibility of the home owner/inhabitants, but additional shelter rehabilitation material will include a basic tool kit (hammer, cross-cut saw, nails, and a shovel) as well as timber (2" x 4" x 10' beams and ¾"x 6"x 10' planks);
• Within a month of humanitarian entry to East Timor the organisations will have distributed the above 40,000 family kits, and have assembled sufficient materials in Darwin or East Timor for the remaining 80,000 family kits needed (to serve an additional 400,000 persons);
• The level of destruction of homes will be classified according to a five category strata:

  LEVEL I no destruction
  LEVEL II vertical structures intact, significant roof damage
  LEVEL III minor vertical structural damage, complete roof destruction
  LEVEL IV major vertical structural damage, complete roof destruction
  LEVEL V complete destruction, i.e. burned, irreparable damage

  Basic tool kits and timber (both described above) will be distributed according to the classified level of destruction as assessed by a qualified shelter engineer designated by the humanitarian community.

(iv) Constraints/problems foreseen

Security in various areas of East Timor will probably be variable for several weeks/months following the entry of UN mandated multinational forces;

• DPs may not return immediately to their areas of recent origin but to nearby areas, to await the restoration of security/infrastructure/services, necessitating the need for continued support;
• DPs may not return to their areas of recent origin but to areas of historic origin (prior to Indonesian control).

(v) Estimated financial requirements

• Approximately US$ 2 million has already been provided by the agencies in assembling the present stockpiles;
• Approximately US$ 20 million will be needed for this programme, as per the table in Annex 2;
• It should be noted that this intervention does not address the significant permanent shelter rehabilitation needs (e.g. roofing iron, wood, tools and nails), and an East Timor-wide housing survey is recommended to establish and quantify these needs and develop an appropriate approach.

5.2.3 Health

(i) Objective

To rapidly restore priority public health and medical services, to reduce morbidity and mortality to pre-crisis levels, and to begin planning for the development of a sustainable health system.

(ii) Situation

Known facts:

• Unmanaged donations of medical supplies can create large problems and increased health risks for a population already devastated;
• Unmanaged and uncoordinated humanitarian assistance can negatively impact a health system, waste limited resources, and have an adverse effect on the health of the population.

Assumptions:

• There are very limited resources in terms of adequate system structures, equipment, medical stocks and materials in Timor. It is estimated that nearly all the Government-run health infrastructure is seriously damaged. All medical supplies and equipment might have been looted and/or destroyed;
• Human resources remain at a basic level, and the re-incorporation of health professionals into the healthcare system will be slow. It is not known if or when the more highly skilled Timorese will return;
• The majority of the population do not have access to curative medical and preventative treatment;
• The majority of the population have not had access to clean water and adequate sanitation for an extended period of time;
• Public health programmes, such as vector control, have been seriously disrupted for an extended period of time;
• All systematic disease/epidemic surveillance has ceased for nearly a year.

Consequences of above assumptions:

• There is an increase in morbidity and mortality;
• Diarrhoea, dehydration, upper respiratory diseases, skin diseases, malaria, tuberculosis, physical trauma, complications with child birth after physical trauma, and mental health problems are major health concerns;
• There is a high risk of communicable disease outbreaks, which could become epidemic.
• Acute severe malnutrition is significant, due to a lack of access to food.

(iii) Proposed intervention

Priority areas:

• Assess, in a coordinated and comprehensive manner, the health needs of the population of East Timor and the available health services delivery system, including buildings, equipment and human resources. This is done to ensure the population has access to priority health services, urgently needed resources are targeted to the areas of greatest need, and planning for an effective and efficient health system can begin.
• In order to effectively and efficiently manage the donation of health supplies and to ensure accountability and transparency, install SUMA, a supply management system for disasters.
• Provide hospital-based services, focused on life-saving interventions, and begin planning for a system as soon as possible;
• Provide consultation clinics, including mobile clinics;
• Provide health education and emergency sanitation;
• Provide therapeutic feeding to malnourished children, consider supplementary feeding programmes;
• Provide reproductive health services and materials;
• Provide material and technical support to local health networks and organisations;
• Establish emergency health surveillance system for better targeting of assistance and control of communicable diseases;
• Restore prevention programmes and contingency plans to respond to epidemics (measles, cholera) and restart Extended Programme of Immunisation (EPI); conduct an urgent measles vaccination campaign;
• Where possible, provide mental health care programmes to assist coping with the mental trauma experienced by the population. Particular attention should be paid to the treatment and rehabilitation of victims of gender-based violence and their families.

Implementation arrangements:

• Deploy health agencies into East Timor: establishing first primary health care points and secondary referral centres giving attention to reaching vulnerable groups. Agencies should ensure that adequate reproductive health services are incorporated at all levels;
• Simultaneously develop and apply assessment tools to identify and quantify the remaining resources: e.g. human resources, facilities and supplies. Develop a comprehensive action plan for restoration of the most urgently needed public and curative health services. Rather than fragmented assessments by several organisations, WHO in close cooperation with UNICEF will take the lead in coordinating a comprehensive health assessment and planning in cooperation with the Government and other organisations;
• Included amongst them at present are: UNICEF, WHO, UNFPA,UNHCR, ACF, AMI, Caritas, GOAL, ICRC, IOM, IMC, MDM, MSF, Portugal, TimorAid, and World Vision. WHO will become the focal point for the Health WG and assume the coordination role;
• Coordinate closely with national health authorities, which will be the Ministry of Health in Jakarta until transfer of authority takes place.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• Coordination set-up for health, ensuring effective and efficient delivery of humanitarian health assistance and planning for development of health system;
• In order to effectively and efficiently manage the donation of health supplies and to ensure accountability and transparency, install SUMA, a supply management system for disasters.
• Based on needs identified in assessment, provide urgently needed supplies, equipment, medical stocks and human resources.
• Jointly the NGO and UN communities currently hold in Darwin the medical and logistic resources required to launch the interventions indicated above.
• The approximate cost of the overall intervention in this sector, as estimated by the operational agencies present in Darwin, is up to US$ 20 million.

5.2.4 Water and Sanitation

(i) Objective

To minimise public health risks by appropriate hygiene promotion, and water and sanitation interventions.

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• Safe access for the NGOs in a secure environment;
• Adequate supply of equipment and funding and logistical support;
• Safe storage of equipment;
• Access to adequate supplies of raw water;
• Large concentrations of people are expected in Bobonaro, Dili and its surroundings, Vikeke, Manufahi, and Baucau;
• Significant numbers of IDPs are only a short distance from their villages and will return to their homes as soon as it is possible or safe to do so, and therefore the caseload will decrease with time and increased security;
• The total caseload for this sector is estimated at 800,000 people.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• Most village water systems have had a degree of disruption, including damage to spring catchments, pipe systems, loss of taps, damaged or stolen pumps, and contaminated wells;
• The latrines (normally pit latrines) will possibly have incurred a small amount of damage, which will require repair, rehabilitation or replacement;
• Lost water collection containers and hygiene items will require replacement;
• The garbage disposal has been damaged, and will be in need of reinstatement;
• Transport systems have been damaged and vehicles stolen, which will need repair or replacement.

(iii) Proposed intervention

• Hygiene item distribution;
• Health mobilisation and promotion;
• Repair to spring catchment, damaged pipes;
• Clean and repair wells;
• Replace damaged pumps;
• Supply water and sanitation capacity to clinics, hospitals and isolation units;
• Set up temporary water systems;
• Set up latrine systems for camps and clinics;
• Dispose of bodies and rubbish;
• Undertake vector control, surface water drainage, and malaria control;
• Distribute tools, raw materials and technical support.

Implementation arrangements:

• MSF will undertake the provision of water and sanitation, and water supply equipment to health clinics;
• Both World Vision and CARE will assess their capacity (World Vision in Aileu), but are not planning any specific interventions yet;
• MDM will supply water in 12 villages around Los Palos, and for the hospital;
• AAH will respond to emergency water needs in Dili, Manatuto or wherever there are large concentrations of people initially, before moving to the other regencies as people return to their homes. Their wat/san engineer reports that 6 MTs of supplies will arrive this week;
• UNICEF will airdrop 3,000 collapsible containers, and will respond to emergency wat/san needs with water tanks, jerrycans, pumps, chlorine, water purification tablets, and building pit latrines (500). They plan to provide water and sanitation across all East Timor, but especially Bobonaro, south of Manatuto, south of Baucau, Dili and Dare, Ermera, and Lautem. Supplies will be arriving in the next 2 weeks;
• OXFAM will respond to emergency wat/san needs, initially at the larger concentrations of people in Dili and Baucau, if possible. They then plan to move out from their bases in Kova Lima, Liquica, and Aileu, to Bobonaro, Vikeke, and Manufahi, and will respond to changing needs as they encounter them. They will have 5 or 6 wat/san engineers and 4 logisticians amongst a total of 25 expatriate staff, 100-150 local staff, and 30-100 MTs equipment.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• The WG is unclear what resources remain on the ground. It envisages that the majority of resources brought to East Timor will be left there;
• Resources currently in the logistical pipeline are described above, by implementing agency;
• The estimated cost of the overall intervention in this sector is US$ 20 million.

5.2.5 Agriculture (FAO will assume focal point responsibility for the WG in the Agriculture Sector, from 24 Sep 99.)

(i) Objective

To improve the food security of the affected population through the provision of minimal agricultural inputs for the next growing season and the establishment of a longer-term agriculture strategy for the following growing season.

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• The mass displacements have resulted in most of the population losing the food that they had recently harvested, as well as their farming tools, the few goats, pigs or chicken that they owned;
• It is unlikely that they will have kept seeds for the next growing season, except in areas less affected by the conflict;
• In the main towns, especially Dili, where more people relied on the presence of markets to purchase their food, the supply system has been completely halted, as most suppliers have fled the territory. Dolog, the state agency responsible for rice provision, while still present in East Timor, is not likely to have the capacity, or will, to resume its services. The same is true for the various services offered by the Department of Agriculture, which include support to rice production, provision of maize seeds and some commercial farming, mainly green beans (Mung) and coffee;
• It is likely that production such as coffee, cassava, bananas, and other trees will not have been affected to a great degree, but that the trading system supporting these industries will simply be halted. Most coastal areas, as well as mountainous areas in the western part of the East Timor, have been affected greatly by the conflict. Mountainous areas east of Dili may have been less affected but are likely to have been supporting a large population for a while, so the fields must already have been depleted.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• Prior to the recent vote, agricultural production in East Timor was insufficient to meet the needs of the population. Almost 90 percent of the population consider themselves primarily farmers who practised subsistence farming to cover their own needs and sold their small surplus. In most areas, farmers hardly produced sufficient food to meet their own needs, and had to find temporary work to compensate for the shortfall in income;
• The 1997-1998 growing season was severely affected by a widespread El Nino-induced drought. The 1998-1999 season was successful in most areas, but as the recent problems started during the harvest and resulted in the displacement of the majority of East Timorese, many will have lost their harvests either because they had to flee, or because they used their recently harvested food to support displaced families.

(iii) Proposed intervention

As the planting season for maize, the main staple, is normally October (but it can be extended to November or early December) any intervention in agriculture would have to be carried out very quickly, even without knowing the exact extent of the needs. Farming implies stable living conditions for the population for at least three to six months, so the key factor is their security. It is also important that the inputs supplied, especially seeds, be appropriate for the areas. This makes last minute procurement difficult. Since only some areas are likely to be accessible in time and only a portion of the population will be living in stable areas by the beginning of the growing season, the following intervention is suggested:

• Gather all available agricultural inputs in East Timor, ready for distribution;
• Conduct a survey to determine the areas and extent of needs in those areas secure enough to offer access to populations either already relocated or not displaced, and thus stable enough for agricultural activities;
• Distribute available agricultural inputs to population groups corresponding to the above-mentioned criteria;
• Make the necessary assessments for a "blanket distribution" of seeds and tools in rice-growing areas before January 2000, for vegetables before April 2000, and for maize during the next growing season before September 2000, with a further limited quantity to follow, within a longer-term development programme.

Implementation arrangements:

• World Vision has funding to distribute 5,000 seed packages, which include both corn (2.3 kg), assorted vegetable seeds, and farming tools. These packs will be distributed in areas where World Vision has been responsible for distributing food aid under a current WFP agreement. World Vision will engage in agricultural rehabilitation in the near and medium-term future;
• CARE has in store in Kupang 12 MTs of Soya seeds, and 13 MTs of Bisma maize seeds. Funding is there for 25,000 hoes, and is ready to look for more funding for agricultural activities;
• In addition to the supply of emergency foods and non-food items, the provision of seeds and tools is a priority for Caritas Australia. Funding is available for the purchase and distribution of hoes and seeds during the post-emergency relief phases, and assessment of agricultural needs will be carried out during the initial food distribution from Dili, as soon as possible;
• ACF is concerned with the food security situation after the immediate emergency food distribution has taken place. ACF is therefore willing to conduct extensive food security surveys as soon as the situation permits, and will be interested in continuing support to agriculture programmes through distribution of seeds, tools and training in efficient agriculture-methods, and ACF will be seeking more funding to support these activities;
• Oxfam is soliciting donations and since the response is expected to be minimal, it will be added to the existing resources available for agriculture.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

Participating organisations will make the final decision concerning their own distribution arrangements, but they should be based on the farming habits of the East Timorese, specified here:

• An average family farm is from ½ to 1 hectare, and farmers use an average of 10 to 15 kg of maize seeds per hectare (likely 4-5 kg of beans per hectare);
• Farmers should try to ensure that they do not use only the seeds they are given (assuming that they still have some of their own), to avoid the possibility of an entire crop failing due to poor choice of seeds, or weather and pests affecting a specific seed type.

5.2.6 Education and Community Services

(i) Objectives

• To respond to the developmental needs of children, both young children and adolescents, in an emergency situation through the re-establishment of informal primary education;
• To provide trauma counselling and community-based care to meet immediate emotional and social needs.

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• That the education system has totally collapsed;
• That re-establishment of links with local partners is possible;
• That teachers are willing and able to resume their duties;
• That the immediate experience of fear and violence is relatively widespread leading to a great need for trauma counselling.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• 50 percent of schools have been destroyed;
• Most equipment is missing, destroyed or damaged;
• The infrastructure for the payment of staff salaries is not in place;
• Families have suffered losses of family members and property;
• There is the need to reintroduce a routine for children as soon as possible in order to meet emotional and social needs;
• There is the need for trauma counselling, with a commensurate lack of local capacity to provide such services.

(iii) Proposed intervention

Priority areas:

• Establishment of primary schools;
• Provision of teaching/learning materials and toys;
• Exploring interim compensation arrangements for unpaid teachers;
• Provision of training and salaries for trauma counsellors;
• Establishment of community-based care groups;
• Establishment of a mobile trauma service.

Implementation arrangements:

• Key actors include UNICEF, World Vision, CARITAS, Oxfam, Timor Aid, International Medical Corps, the Red Cross, and Save the Children Fund.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• Very few resources are expected to remain in East Timor, but materials provided for the emergency phase, such as teaching materials and toys, can be transferred to classrooms once permanent school structures are re-established;
• Agencies are currently mobilising resources, both financial and human;
• The estimated cost of the overall intervention is US$ 2.2 million.

5.2.7 Physical Infrastructure

(i) Objective

To support the provision of basic levels of essential public services to the community of East Timor, taking into account the imminent return of displaced residents.

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• Substantial damage has been inflicted on East Timor’s physical infrastructure;
• Local capacity to deliver vital basic services is lacking;
• There will be a steady return of security permitting assessment and repairs to take place.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• Rehabilitation of damaged infrastructures;
• Restoration of basic level of services delivery;
• Return of administrators and technicians now absent from the region.

(iii) Proposed intervention

• Deployment of a team of experts in planning and infrastructure rehabilitation and development;
• Review of the region’s infrastructure and assessment of the nature and extent of damage;
• Identification and prioritisation of interventions required to restore infrastructure to a functioning level;
• Mobilisation of the necessary staff (such as UNVs), funds and equipment to commence repair and rehabilitation of the most critical services and infrastructure;
• Commencement of operation and maintainance services once rehabilitated;
• On-the-job training of local staff be conducted.

UNDP has set up an antenna in Darwin, which will backstop the operation in East Timor, and in particular its office that will be set up in Dili. The team of experts in planning and infrastructure rehabilitation and development will initially be based in Darwin until the UNDP office is established in East Timor. UNDP will work closely with UNV, NGOs, other UN Agencies and the private sector to undertake rehabilitation works.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

5.3 Crossing-Cutting Issues

The provision of assistance by the humanitarian community in such cross-cutting areas as Governance and Community Rehabilitation, Recovery and Reconciliation, may also fall under the mandate of Phase III of UNAMET. The provision of services in these areas, as in sectors such as Education, is subject to the clarification of UNAMET’s role as a transitional civil administration in East Timor.

5.3.1 Protection

(i) Objective

In situations of mass displacement, there is a vital need to protect the physical security and legal rights of the displaced. Protection efforts must reach all stages of displacement, including concentrations of the displaced, the circumstances of their voluntary return to areas of origin under conditions of safety and dignity, and their acceptance and reintegration in these areas of origin.

(ii) Protection needs

Protection is the core role of UNHCR. UNHCR established a presence in East Timor in May 1999 and has retained such presence throughout the ballot process and the violent aftermath, including following the evacuation of the UNAMET compound in mid-September.

Protection is not a specific sectoral activity but is indeed cross-sectoral, impacting the efforts of UNHCR and all humanitarian actors. Protection monitoring - and intervention where necessary - is undertaken by all UNHCR officers regardless of their primary tasks. Nevertheless, UNHCR relies on the efforts of protection officers to set priorities for the work of UNHCR in all sectors. For example, field officers involved in the distribution of assistance items establish and continually modify programme guidelines to meet the needs of the particularly vulnerable, such as single women, unaccompanied minors and the disabled. Above all, such vulnerability may extend to security and physical protection.

Activities related to family reunion and unaccompanied minors - a few of whom have already been identified - will need to be implemented without delay. UNHCR and UNICEF will work closely with ICRC in this sector.

(iii) Estimated financial requirements

UNHCR is committed to continuing its presence in Dili. Because protection cannot be remotely monitored or implemented, UNHCR will also establish one to three field offices, in areas to be determined dependent on issues of on-going security and need. Additional to the efforts of UNHCR programme personnel, UNHCR will also immediately include several protection officers within its East Timor presence.

The protection activities of ICRC, as mandated within the Geneva Conventions and Protocols, are expected to be significant within the East Timor context. UNHCR is committed to work closely with ICRC to ensure the complementarity of efforts for greatest benefit to the beneficiaries.

5.3.2 Governance

(i) Objective

To offer advice and capacity-building to the emergent East Timorese leadership about matters relating to governance, as they develop plans for establishing the legal, political and institutional framework for the new nation.

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• East Timor will have to function as an independent society by the medium-term;
• The East Timorese leadership is receptive to advice and support to plan and establish an East Timorese nation state;
• There is a basic administrative infrastructure that can be built on;
• There are many educated young East Timorese who will be returning, who can be trained in positions of administration and management;
• Government buildings have not been badly affected during this period.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• Indonesian policy makers and administrators have departed the region;
• There is insufficient capacity (human resources) to maintain adequate administrative services;
• There is a need to resume the provision and distribution of regular public services to all residents, including those who will soon be returning to their homes. This should take place in close cooperation with UNAMET;
• There is an urgent need to create an effective administrative service capacity by including East Timorese.

(iii) Proposed intervention

• Recruit and deploy high-level advisors who will be working closely with members of the East Timor leadership, in the establishment of governance structures (including institutional capacity-building) for East Timor, economic planning capacity-building and infrastructure development;
• These activities will represent an initial step by UNDP to provide long-term support for the institutionalisation of governance in an independent East Timor. They will lay the foundation for further action to be undertaken under Phase III of the (UNAMET) programme of support to East Timor.

The interventions in the next six months should lay the foundations for a smooth transition from the emergency aid phase to institutional development. In the meantime, UNDP develops a longer-term governance and capacity-building programme.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

The overall estimated cost for the first six months of this programme of support would be approximately US$ 2 million. These costs include the recruitment and deployment of the advisors and the establishment of appropriate administrative support for them to function effectively.

5.3.3 Community Rehabilitation, Recovery and Reconciliation

(i) Objectives

• In parallel with other emergency response operations, to provide registration, movement and reintegration assistance to IDPs;
• Increase the capacity of local Government structures to facilitate reintegration of displaced people;
• Create a basis for sustainable community-based development;
• Initiate post-conflict and reconciliation activities.

(ii) Situation

Assumptions:

• 500,000 - 600,000 persons out of a population of 890,000 in East Timor are displaced, and many families have been separated;
• Over the next six months, it is foreseen that approximately half of the IDPs in West Timor, or around 100,000 persons, will want to return to East Timor as soon as security there permits and assistance is available;
• Of the 500,000 - 600,000 IDPs in East Timor, will all return home also, and several thousand IDPs will return from other areas;
• Local economies have been depleted of resources and most people will not have an immediate source of income;
• Inclusion of the returned IDPs and the local population in decision-making and the provision of labour is expected to result in quick and highly visible community projects;
• Local government is either non-existent or incapable of coping with the challenges it faces, and there is the need to strengthen these structures at the same time as the emergency response, to enable peaceful reintegration of displaced populations and to normalise life.

Damage/losses and resulting needs:

• Most of the IDPs returns will be spontaneous while some groups may require assistance due to vulnerability or travel distance;
• Certain areas of DP return have received considerable damage to housing as, well as to small infrastructure and services, so local leaders will need to prioritise needs of the people but will require support to initiate projects;
• Local governance teams will have to identify the most suitable needs of the returnees for the early restoration of their livelihoods, such as subsistence equipment, as well as longer-term projects.

(iii) Proposed intervention

• Register and transport returning IDPs;
• Make engineers available to local officials for needs assessment;
• Make funding available for multiple small community projects in Dili and at least four rural locations;
• Plan and implement all projects in conjunction with local governance teams and IO/NGO, using locally contracted labour.
• Support community-based organisations (CBOs) in their development activities, organisations which also have a role in bringing different groups together;
• Build the capacity of local NGOs and CBOs;
• The above activities will be built on the successful Community Recovery Programme of UNDP.

UNDP and IOM will support an advisory team, consisting of representatives of different streams of the east Timorese society, and representatives of UN Agencies associated with the UN administration, which will play a key role in programming and allocating funds.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• All resources to remain with IDPs or local community
• Community Recovery and Reconciliation Programme: US$ 4 million.

5.3.4 Central Logistics

(i) Objective

To provide a reliable, efficient and cost-effective central logistics system for the transportation of food and non-food items.

(ii) Logistic needs

• To transport 11,000 MTs of WFP basic foodstuffs and blended food per month by sea, air and road;
• To facilitate transportation of non-food items for relief partners;
• To provide a personnel air link between Darwin and Dili and within the territory;
• To provide a clearing house for information on logistic problems and solutions.

(iii) Proposed solutions

• In the short-term, provide an aircraft for air-dropping of most essential humanitarian supplies;
• Once internal airports are open to civilian traffic, provide an air-bridge for cargo and passengers;
• Charter two helicopters for internal transport of relief supplies and relief workers to the most remote, inaccessible areas of the country;
• Fix and position off Dili a time charter vessel, to be used as a temporary off-shore rear base for personnel;
• Establish a core fleet of trucks of 5 to 10 MTs capacity each, to transport goods from the two warehouses to Expanded Delivery Points (EDPs);
• Establish one or two vehicle workshops and mobile workshops to support the truck fleet;
• Renovate existing warehouses and establish temporary mobile storage units;
• Establish two warehouses in Dili and Baucau; establish such EDP warehousing as may prove necessary, with appropriate staff accommodation;
• Provide some mechanised handling equipment, such as forklifts, for discharging cargo aircraft and for use at the ports.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

Total logistic project costs have been estimated at US$ 8 million, subject to eventual upward adjustment, should more trucks need to be purchased, due to the extent of the destruction of the fleets of commercial road transport operators in East Timor.

5.3.5 Coordination and Communications

(i) Objective

To ensure an appropriate, effective and timely humanitarian response to the East Timor crisis, and a rapid and smooth transition from the emergency to rehabilitation.

(ii) Coordination and communication needs

• Avoid significant gaps in humanitarian coverage both sectorally and geographically, by achieving an overview of the humanitarian situation and response, and identification of the agencies or organisations with the best comparative advantage to take on areas with insufficient capacity;
• Avoid duplication in the provision of assistance, by establishing a platform for sharing information, the joint identification of common problems and solutions, cooperative planning and coordinated operations;
• Establish a shared database on the numbers, locations, and assistance needs of affected populations, using baseline information available from UNAMET;
• Establish an information management system, to ensure effective flow of information between organisations, and to and from UN headquarters;
• Provide continuous liaison with the major non-humanitarian actors in East Timor, including UNAMET, INTERFET, with any civil and political authorities, with NGOs and with the media;
• In cooperation with UNAMET and INTERFET, establish a communications architecture, including setting agreed standards for telecommunications and the control of frequencies, upon which all humanitarian actors can base their systems, to ensure that they can communicate with each other;
• Assist WFP, UNICEF and UNAMET to extend their High Frequency e-mail system to all UN Agencies in East Timor;
• Liaise with UNAMET Security and the SRSG as Designated Official, on security issues of concern to UN Agencies;
• Facilitate the mobilisation of resources for assistance, from donors, through such mechanisms as a common humanitarian assistance plan for the East Timor crisis and a consolidated appeal;
• In close cooperation with UNDP, facilitate an early transition from the emergency to rehabilitation.

(iii) Proposed solution

A Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Unit (HACU) for East Timor will be established to support the continuing role of the Humanitarian Coordinator. This unit will be located in Dili, but will liaise with the UN Resident Coordinator’s office in Jakarta and, at least initially, be connected to the launching point for humanitarian assistance, Darwin in Northern Australia, by the establishment of coordination liaison officers in these locations. It will be linked to the field through a network of mobile officers (UNVs) - eight in East Timor, including Oekusi enclave, and three in West Timor - mirroring the UNAMET regional field office structure. These officers will provide the main needs and relief assistance data collection, assistance monitoring and reporting function on behalf of the Humanitarian Coordinator.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• Currently the only UN coordination and communications resources in place comprise short-term staffing solutions provided by OCHA from within or from donors who have provided personnel and equipment through mechanisms such as UNDAC and the International Humanitarian Partnership of five donor countries. These are, by definition, very short-term solutions which must be replaced by a follow-on structure for the duration of the emergency;
• NGOs are proposing the establishment of an NGO coordination secretariat to enhance information dissemination, activities planning, and provide sectoral briefings. This would have direct links with the UN coordination structure;
• Total costs have been estimated at just under US$ 2 million for six months. The budget will be refined as all the humanitarian agencies commence operations and the detailed requirements for coordination become apparent, and will be incorporated into any future consolidated appeal for East Timor.

6. WEST TIMOR

6.1 Overview

There are some 170,000 DPs in West Timor according to the Government, of whom some 40-45 percent lives in 27 concentrations, while 20 percent live with families and 35-40 percent is scattered. This figure may be slightly inflated as DPs have frequently been registered twice; once upon entering West Timor, and a second time when reaching a camp.

The immediate concern of the humanitarian community is to secure safe access to all the DPs. Several initiatives took place in the recent past, inter alia by the High Commissioner for Refugees, as well as by the high level donors’ mission, led by Assistant Secretary of State Julia Taft, to ensure that the Government of Indonesia is committed to ensure access to all East Timorese who fled the violence in East Timor, or were forcibly transported to West Timor. The Government has also been asked to clarify rumours of an imminent threat of forcible relocation by the Indonesian authorities of DPs to transmigration areas.

Many camps are under the control of armed elements which leaves the DPs unprotected. The plight of the DPs in West Timor is of serious concern to the humanitarian agencies, especially from a security and protection point of view.

A climate of fear and lawlessness prevails which is affecting both local and DP communities. Clashes between the local authorities and the militia, which are reaching West Timor in increasing numbers, cannot be ruled out.

The presence of the DPs is compounding a poor economic situation in West Timor, which is a food deficit area, with water shortages and with one of the lowest per capita income of Indonesia.

6.2 Summary Budget by Sector/Issue

6.3 Sectors

6.3.1 Food

(i) Objective

To maintain the nutritional status of the DPs at an acceptable level, through the timely provision of basic and complementary food items. To provide food items to returning DPs.

(ii) Assumption

The DPs rely entirely on outside assistance.

(iii) Situation

WFP Indonesia has a US$ 135 million worth EMOP in Indonesia, lasting from August 1998 until June 2000. During the current Indonesian fiscal year (April 1999- March 2000), it is foreseen to distribute under EMOP 6006, 198,000 MTs of rice and 8,300 MTs of blended food (BF) through various activities and to various categories of beneficiaries in the country.

There is currently a shortfall of 50,000 MTs of rice to fully resource the WFP appeal for this commodity, while no contributions have been made available that would allow the implementation of the BF side.

The policy of the Government of Indonesia has been to take care of the DP (feeding) problem by itself and has provided limited assistance. Late July, it announced that all people recognised as DPs would receive a rice ration of 400g/day + Rp.1,500/day for a period of 70 days. When the decision was announced, the total number of DPs was below 300,000 on a nation-wide basis. According to official figures, the number would now be 500,000 excluding those in East Timor. The GoI has indicated that budgetary constraints will force it to limit its support to 41 days and may be less.

Information provided by the Department of Social Affairs in Kupang indicates there are problems to mobilise on short notice the necessary funds for the feeding of the DPs in the province. The local government is currently borrowing funds from other allocations, expecting to receive an emergency budget from the central level. As a result, many of the DPs supposed to be covered by the GoI have yet to receive food assistance.

The sudden influx of DPs in West Timor is making it very difficult for the GoI to implement an effective assistance programme as the availability of qualified staff is limited in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). WFP will have to increase its assistance to the GoI. More than ever, it will be necessary to liaise with the GoI structures and ensure that beneficiary population is properly identified, its need for food assistance assessed, and monitor if the assistance distributed by the GoI, NGOs, voluntary organisations is evenly and efficiently distributed and reported.

(iv) Present and planned intervention

Within the approved EMOP 6006, there is a provision to supply 5,000 MTs of rice and 415 MTs of blended food to DPs in various locations. In agreement with the GoI, WFP has reallocated an additional 15,000 MTs rice from other programmes to DP support and now has 20,000 MTS of rice available for this purpose. WFP could thus provide rice for 278,000 DPs for a six-month-period, if the outstanding 50,000 MTs of rice in EMOP 6006 are received. The vast majority of this rice will be distributed through local or international NGOs, and agreements are made with Depsos (the Ministry of Social Affairs, responsible for the food assistance to the DPs), NGOs and WFP.

If EMOP 6006 is fully resourced, i.e. WFP receives the outstanding 50,000 MTs of rice, WFP will only need to receive the approximate 12,000 MTs "borrowed" from the EMOP 6006 to supply East Timor. A further improvement would be the reimbursement of the 15,000 MTs reallocated from other programmes to DP support in Indonesia, including West Timor.

The food and nutritional needs of specific, vulnerable groups, namely children under 2 years of age and pregnant and lactating women must also be covered. Targeted food supplementation and complementary food for children will be defined for DPs in camps. UNICEF has already started distribution of fortified complementary food packets to all DP concentrations.

As previously mentioned, 415 MTs of blended food has been earmarked by WFP for distribution to DPs. Experience has shown that this food is only given to young infants (6-24 months old). Women and older children (24 to 60 months old) will only consume the product once they are trained in its use, and preferably if it can be mixed with other ingredients and transformed into a cookie. This assumes enough supplementary income to allow the purchase of sugar, etc, which is hardly available in an emerging DP situation. It would therefore be appropriate to supplement the blended food with 300 MTs of high-energy biscuits for West Timor and other DPs in Indonesia.

The ICRC also intends to mobilise food for distribution to DPs for 40,000 beneficiaries. Several NGOs such as Care, World Vision and Catholic Relief Service/Caritas are also involved in procurement of basic and supplementary food items.

Food rations will be provided to returning DPs.

(v) Estimated financial requirements (including NGO partners)

6.3.2 Non food household assistance and shelter

(i) Objective

To provide non food household items and temporary shelter to vulnerable IDPs.

(ii) Present and planned intervention

Initial assistance has been provided in limited quantities. UNICEF has supplied tents, locally produced mats, linoleum sheets, mosquito nets, and "sarongs" for IDPs living in open areas, and cooking utensils. Plastic sheets and blankets have also been distributed.

ICRC has distributed limited quantities of non food items and is currently arranging for the procurement of non food assistance for 50,000 beneficiaries. Several NGOs such as Care, Catholic Relief Service and World Vision have been involved in procuring and distributing non food and shelter items.

A more systematic coverage of the needs of the IDPs needs to be implemented once access is secured. The above NGOs will be seeking funds from the UN agencies concerned to continue activities in this sector.

(iii) Estimated financial requirements (including NGO partners)

6.3.3 Health

(i) Objectives

To ensure that the population displaced from East Timor receives adequate health care while living in temporary camps.

(ii) Situation

The major diseases prevailing in East Timor prior to the crisis can be assumed to have reached more critical levels with the large displacement of people in temporary shelters. The prevalence of malaria, tuberculosis, Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and diarrhoea can be expected to increase given the present scarcity of water and sanitation facilities in the crowded camps, and makeshift shelters in West Timor.

The Ministry of Health, along with other departments and agencies as well as NGOs, has already mobilised resources to assist these IDPs. The provincial government coordinates these activities with assistance from Jakarta. However, NTT is a poor province with limited resources. Thus, outside assistance is needed to ensure the good health of the displaced persons.

(iii) Present and planned intervention

WHO will provide technical support to facilitate the delivery of appropriate health services to the displaced persons in NTT. Specifically, WHO will assist with the following:

• Assist the Government in identifying and planning inputs for health services for the displaced persons in NTT. Particular attention will be given to identifying the needs for various health personnel needed to provide services for these people;
• Assist the Government in coordinating of inputs from various donor agencies and NGOs in providing services to the displaced persons. This will involve communications with involved parties to match needs and inputs;
• Assist the provincial health office in strengthening the system to monitor the availability of drugs and medical supplies in various health facilities servicing the displaced persons;
• Establish a simple disease surveillance system to monitor outbreaks of various diseases in DP camps and initiate appropriate interventions.

UNICEF will support the provincial health authorities to deploy existing health personnel from within the province, augmented by staff from other provinces in order to undertake outreach services to all DP concentrations. UNICEF will:

• Form eight mobile health teams, with drug kits. The number of health teams will be adapted to respond to a decrease or increase in the number of displaced persons;
• Extend immunisation and other preventive services, as well as special services for pregnant women and children.

UNFPA is working with the relevant Indonesian agencies to address initial, emergency needs in West Timor related to reproductive health (RH). The agency will:

• Carry out a comprehensive assessment of RH needs and priorities as soon as the security situation allows it;
• Supply equipment and materials for ante-natal, delivery and obstetric care, for the treatment of STDs, the management of complications of miscarriage, for safe blood transfusions and for family planning needs;
• Support treatment and rehabilitation of victims of gender-based violence and their families through provision of technical assistance related to counselling of victims.

Several NGOs, such as Médecins Sans Frontières Holland and Belgium, World Vision, Care, Catholic Relief Services and Project Concern International, are present in this sector and may request funds through the relevant UN Agencies to continue or expand their present activities.

(iv) Human resources, relevant to this sector

WHO will implement the above activities by establishing an office in Kupang, NTT. At present, WHO already has a project, supported by AusAID, for tuberculosis control in NTT. The office, located in the provincial health office, will be temporarily converted to assist with the implementation of relief activities. Some staff from the TB project will temporarily be asked to assist with NTT activities until replacements are found. In this way, WHO will be able to establish an immediate presence in NTT and continue for the six-month period.

Many of the involved agencies and Government departments have key representatives in Jakarta. There must be close consultation between various staff to ensure that there is no duplication of relief efforts and that the needs identified in the field are quickly mobilised. WHO will ensure effective coordination of its activities through its office in Jakarta.

Two staff members are needed to undertake these activities. In addition, limited office and operational funds must be mobilised for these functions.

UNICEF has a presence both in Kupang and in Belu district.

(v) Estimated financial requirements (including NGO partners)

6.3.4 Water and sanitation

(i) Objective

To minimise public health risks through supply of water in adequate quantity and quality, and implementation of waste and garbage disposal projects.

(ii) Situation

The influx of a large displaced population has stretched already scarce resources in West Timor. Until the onset of the rainy season in November, the situation will remain critical. Local communities in DP hosting areas will also need to be catered for, since they are facing acute water problems themselves, which might lead to tension between the local and DP communities.

(iii) Present and planned intervention

UNICEF has supplied limited quantities of jerrycans and has deployed pre-fabricated water tanks to temporary locations.

UNICEF will:

• Support the Government water and sanitation services, and local NGOs in the construction of reinforced water tanks;
• Support the same partners in the construction of communal latrines;
• Supply family hygiene kits, jerrycans, large water containers and collapsible water tanks.

UNHCR will:

• Supply jerrycans;
• Support NGOs involved in water and sanitation sector.

NGOs such as Care and World Vision will be approaching the appropriate UN Agencies to continue and expand their present activities.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements (including NGO partners)

6.3.5 Agriculture

Agricultural inputs, such as tools and seeds may have to be provided to those IDPs who might wish, and will be allowed to, remain in West Timor. An assessment of the needs will be carried out in due course.

6.3.6 Education and community services

(i) Objective

Initiate informal schools, and counselling services for traumatised children. Support children and women who need special protection, especially in cases of forced displacement.

(ii) Situation

The influx of IDPs has disrupted the local schooling system as schools have been used as temporary shelter. Children in the camps have no access to schooling for the time being. No assessment has yet been carried out on the need for trauma counselling because of lack of secure access to most IDPs.

(iii) Present and planned intervention

UNICEF has already provided a limited quantity of large tents to be used as classrooms.

UNICEF will:

• Initiate informal schools;
• Initiate counselling for traumatised children;
• In cooperation with UNHCR and local NGOs, seek to support children and women with special protection needs.

UNHCR will re-establish a presence in West Timor which, in addition to emergency relief supply, will focus on protection of the DP population, especially the East Timorese who were forcibly transported to West Timor.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

6.3.7 Logistics

(i) Planned activities

WFP has been designated as logistics coordinator for both West and East Timor. In West Timor, logistics interventions are limited as it is expected that the GoI will take a more active role in the distribution of humanitarian assistance.

In the medium-term, it is expected the air bridge currently linking Dili and Darwin will be extended to cover (passenger) transport to Kupang and Surabaya. For the first few weeks, however, it will be required to have air transport capacity for passengers from Surabaya to Kupang to Dili. WFP is in the process of chartering a 15-seater-plane to provide this service.

The WFP West Timor office will have to be strengthened with one international officer and four Food Aid monitors to be based in Kupang or Atambua, if security conditions so permit, for a period of six months. In addition, local staff has to be hired for air traffic support in Surabaya and general logistics support in Surabaya and Kupang.

UNHCR will set up a logistics unit in Surabaya to coordinate procurement and transport of UNHCR goods for West and East Timor, in cooperation with WFP.

(ii) Estimated financial requirements

6.3.8 Rehabilitation, reconciliation and governance

A. Affected villages programme for conflict prevention

(i) Objective:

Provide immediate support to the local authorities, national and international NGOs and aid workers to mobilise local communities in the affected areas in preventing conflict by rebuilding trust and confidence, alleviate tension and address perceived inequalities. Furthermore, improve security and access for humanitarian activities to take place for the benefit of all in the affected areas.

(ii) Situation:

Historically, the border region between East Timor and the western region of the island has served as a refuge/sanctuary when tension has risen in East Timor. Villages on the West Timor side have a long tradition for hosting family and relatives for shorter or longer periods of unrest. However, under the present circumstances, the situation differs from previous experiences because of the magnitude of DPs in the area and the new status of East-Timor. NGOs assume that approximately 50 percent of the DPs are staying in DP camps which have been established de facto or in an organised manner by the local authorities. The remaining people are reported to live in churches, boarding houses and schools and in villages with relatives or in hiding.

Situation in West Timor is generally tense. Visible militia presence in camps and on streets creates considerable insecurity. Xenophobia and growing distrust is prevalent. Adding to this atmosphere is the potential for growing inequality in the distribution of assistance from the Government, as well as the international community. The disbursement of international aid in DP camps may cause only tension and resentment in the affected villages and surrounding areas, creating an atmosphere of hostility between the camp dwellers and the local residents. At the same time, the villagers are compelled to endure the increasing pressure on water, firewood and other natural resources, which are by nature scarce in this region. These sentiments could be further fuelled by the overall perception that the international community is paying more attention to East Timor than to West Timor.

(iii) Planned activities:

UNDP assistance to local NGOs with experience in the region, which will take immediate steps to support and assist villagers and DPs to reduce potential tension.

Activities:

NGOs engaging in assisting the villages in bringing living conditions up to adequate standards for all to live in. This entails among others, community-based action towards:

• Establishing channels for equitable food distribution among both locals and DPs;
• Establishing health facilities for all including distribution system for medicines;
• Upgrading sanitary facilities according to the present number of dwellers;
• Establishing and reopening schools, either by moving DPs from schools to other
• means of housing, and taking steps to clean up and refurbish the school facilities to function according to their original purpose, or by establishing alternative, intermediate school facilities;
• Building the foundations for sustainable food security and income-generation.

(iv) Estimated requirements:

UNDP: US$ 300,000 initially, could be followed by long-term sustainable community recovery programme, estimated at US$ 2 million.

B. International advisory team for Governor’s office in West-Timor

(i) Objective:

Advisory team to immediately assist Governor’s office of West Timor in emergency response and emergency management.

(ii) Current situation:

The Government of Indonesia is making efforts to address the situation in West Timor for East-Timorese DPs, providing food and shelter in camps and distributing food to families hosting DPs. The Government is operating to the best of its ability. However, due to the magnitude of the problems and the unpreparedness with which the local authorities have had to deal with the situation, a clear need for technical assistance in capacitating the local authorities to better tackle the challenge is imminent.

Living conditions in West Timor are under serious constraints due to the influx of DPs from East Timor. Furthermore, there is imminent pressure on local authorities to deal with the situation as it evolves.

Additionally, the border region with East Timor is volatile to becoming a home-base to pro-independence militia performing hit-and-run strikes against targets in East Timor, thus taking local village communities on the West Timor side of the border hostage in a continuation of the conflict.

(iii) Planned activities:

Facilitate the governor’s office in West Timor with assistance from four (4) international experts for a duration of one month in order to establish an emergency response and management system. Furthermore, the experts may provide assistance in setting up food distribution systems in DP camps and outside in the affected villages, train local personnel in taking reconciliation and demobilisation measures.

Furthermore, to bridge and build confidence between local authorities and local, as well as international NGOs working in the region to assist the DPs in order to secure the safety of local aid workers.

The four international experts should cover the following fields of expertise:

• emergency management;
• camp management;
• establishment of effective food delivery channels, health, water and sanitary facilities;
• reconciliation;
• demobilisation;
• coordination.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements:

6.4 Protection

(i) Situation

There is a consensus amongst all partners involved in West Timor that many of the IDPs in West Timor are facing a dangerous situation. The large presence of armed groups in DP concentrations prevents free access to East Timorese there, and also prevents the latter from exerting the fundamental human and humanitarian right to choose their future by their own free will.

(ii) Present and planned activities

Little has been done so far because of lack of free access to the DP camps as any attempt to communicate directly with the IDPs is thwarted or closely monitored by armed elements. It is, therefore difficult at this stage to assess the intention of the East Timorese, especially regarding their desire to return or not to East Timor. Agencies already operating in West Timor (UN, NGOs and ICRC) generally estimate that the majority of the IDPs would like to return home, but that this is hampered by the armed groups previously mentioned.

Please refer to the cross-cutting issue, paragraph 5.3.1. Protection will be a crucial activity in West Timor, which will be implemented by UNHCR, in close cooperation with UNICEF, ICRC, the GOI and local networks. UNHCR has a team of protection officers on stand-by, which will be deployed as soon as the security situation permits it.

(iii) Estimated financial requirements

6.5 Coordination arrangements

(i) Objective

To ensure an appropriate, effective and timely humanitarian response to the East Timor crisis.

(ii) Coordination needs

Ensure a smooth flow of information between the Humanitarian Coordinator and Jakarta or West Timor-based humanitarian agencies;

Ensure coordination of activities between the UN Agencies operating in West Timor, as well as between these UN Agencies, NGOs and the Indonesian authorities;

Keep the donor community in Jakarta regularly informed and ensure its involvement and support whenever appropriate;

• Avoid significant gaps in humanitarian coverage both sectorally and geographically, by achieving an overview of the humanitarian situation and response, and identification of the agencies or organisations with the best comparative advantage to take on areas with insufficient capacity;
• Avoid duplication in the provision of assistance, by establishing a platform for sharing information, the joint identification of common problems and solutions, cooperative planning and coordinated operations;
• Establish a shared database on the numbers, locations, and assistance needs of affected populations;
• Establish an information management system, to ensure effective flow of information between organisations, and to and from UN headquarters;
• In close cooperation with the UN Resident Coordinator, provide continuous liaison with the major non-humanitarian actors in West Timor and Jakarta, with any civil and political authorities, with NGOs and with the media;
• Liaise with the Resident Coordinator as Designated Official, on security issues of concern to UN Agencies;
• Facilitate the mobilisation of resources for assistance, from donors, through such mechanisms as a common humanitarian assistance plan for the East Timor crisis and a consolidated appeal;
• In close cooperation with UNDP, facilitate an early transition from the emergency to rehabilitation.

(iii) Proposed solution

A Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Unit (HACU) for the East Timor crisis will be established to support the continuing role of the Humanitarian Coordinator. This unit will be located in Jakarta and will liaise with the UN Resident Coordinator’s office in Jakarta. It will be linked to the field through a network of mobile officers, eight in East Timor, including Oekusi enclave, and three in West Timor. These officers will provide the main needs and relief assistance data collection, assistance monitoring and reporting function on behalf of the Humanitarian Coordinator.

(iv) Estimated financial requirements

• The costs are included in the US$ 2 million on paragraph 5.3.5 page 18.

ANNEX 1: PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS

A. Population in West and East Timor

B. Affected Population and their Condition

• There has been a high degree of family separation following flight and forced displacement, particularly concerning adult males;
• There is limited local food availability in less-affected areas (the east) of East Timor, though reserves have been depleted by hosting displaced persons and normal end-of-season scarcity;
• There are few food stocks in areas where there are high concentrations of displaced persons;
• In most regions, the main crop planting season begins mid-October, and should not be missed;
• For planning purposes, the average family size is taken as five persons.

C. Pattern of displacement in East Timor

• The western part of East Timor is most densely populated and most affected by displacement;
• Largest displacement has occurred in/around Dili, though other areas are equally affected;
• Many displaced persons in East Timor have sought refuge in the bush, near home;
• Most displaced will return spontaneously and quickly when adequate security is established;
• The 100,000 currently displaced in West Timor will return to East Timor as soon as there is an open border and secure access;
• On the return of the displaced population, settlement may revert to the pattern, which existed prior to Indonesian rule, in sites, which have better natural resources but are less accessible.

D. Damage and Destruction

• Looting has been widespread, particularly in Dili, larger towns, and the western part of the country;
• Up to 50 percent of homes in Dili and the western part of East Timor have been damaged/destroyed;
• Livestock and crop damage has been significant in East Timor;
• Two hospitals in Dili are known to be looted, other medical facilities throughout the country are assumed to be looted.

E. Infrastructure and Public Services

• Of the seven airports in East Timor (Dili, Baucau, Suai, Viqueque, Los Palos, Maliana, and Oekusi), only the first two can take large aircraft;
• Only two of the ten ports in East Timor have quays (Dili and Com);
• There has been little destruction to basic road/bridge infrastructure, though their overall condition is poor, and sealed roads are limited mostly to coastal areas;
• Access to the interior (on minor/unsealed roads) will be more difficult with rains mid-November;
• Water systems in larger towns have sustained some damage and looting of supplies;
• Most villages have simple wells or gravity-fed water supplies, but many are in need of repair or have been destroyed;
• The cellular and landline telephone networks are presently functioning, though there is high likelihood of interrupted service.

F. Transport and Logistics

• No major obstacles will initially be encountered for importation of relief supplies from Darwin;
• The fleet of trucks and vehicles in East Timor is almost non-existent due to looting and their removal to West Timor;
• Trucks should not exceed 8 MTs on main roads and no more than 3-6 MTs on smaller roads - all should be 4WD;
• Humanitarian airlift to East Timor from Darwin and other points may conflict with ongoing INTERFET deployment;
• Australian military will control East Timor airspace and provide air traffic control in Darwin.

G. Security

• TNI and most militia will withdraw without major incident;
• Security will be established throughout East Timor, although there is some potential for insecurity in the area bordering West Timor;
• There has been no widespread planting of landmines.

ANNEX 2: FAMILY KITS COORDINATION

TARGET: 40,000 kits for 200,000 persons

The agencies involved in the implementation of the response in this sector comprise ACF, CARE Australia, CARITAS, ICRC, Oxfam, World Vision, and UNHCR.

For additional copies, please contact:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Complex Emergency Response Branch (CER-B)
Palais des Nations
8-14 Av. De la Paix
CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland

This document is also available on http://www.reliefweb.int/

Disclaimer

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

To learn more about OCHA's activities, please visit https://www.unocha.org/.