Ecuador: Oil Spill Emergency - Flash Update No. 1 (as of 20 March 2025)

HIGHLIGHTS

• On 13 March, a major oil pipeline ruptured inland Ecuador, contaminating several rivers and outpouring into coastal areas.
• More than 300,000 people are affected, primarily due to the suspension of potable water in the area. The lack of safe access to water increases the risk of disease and heightens vulnerabilities and needs in affected communities that are already highly marginalized.
• The water crisis is creating tensions in affected communities, increasing protests and insecurity. The loss of livelihoods in sectors such as fishing and agriculture is jeopardizing social and economic stability. Strengthening protection efforts and ensuring equitable and timely humanitarian assistance are crucial.
• Exposure to hydrocarbons and the lack of safe water have led to an increase in respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, particularly affecting children, pregnant women, and the elderly. There is an urgent need to expand medical brigades and provide essential supplies to mitigate the public health impact.
• On 20 March, the Government officially requested support from the United Nations, specifically noting the Joint Environment Unit (JEU) and UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC).

SITUATION OVERVIEW

On 13 March 2025, an oil spill in Esmeraldas province—caused by a landslide rupturing the Transecuadorian Pipeline System (SOTE) — has severely contaminated key water bodies, including the Caple Estuary, the Viche River, and the Esmeraldas River. The spill has spread up to coastal areas, affecting beaches and disrupting local livelihoods. In response, authorities declared states of emergency in the cantons of Quinindé, Esmeraldas, Atacames, and Rioverde, restricting access to water and contaminated coastal areas.

The crisis has left approximately 300,000 people without access to safe water and sanitation services, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases and other health complications. Reported health effects include respiratory problems, gastrointestinal disorders, and headaches, with vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing conditions at heightened risk. The prolonged disruption of water services has also led to growing tensions, including threats against officials managing distribution efforts.

The Government has activated provincial and local Emergency Operations Committees (COEs) and implemented water distribution plans. However, significant gaps in coverage and service quality remain, prompting public protests and increasing social unrest.

The situation is further exacerbated by ongoing security challenges in Esmeraldas, one of the provinces most affected by the national security crisis, while heavy rains continue to hinder response efforts.