Attachments
1. INTRODUCTION
Apart from a short break during 1940-1946, surface observations of meteorological elements since 1884 have been summarized and published in the Royal Observatory's Meteorological Results. Upper-air observations began in 1947 and from then onwards the annual publication was divided into two parts, namely Part I - Surface Observations, and Part II - Upper-air Observations. The publication of Meteorological Results Part II was terminated in 1981. Upper-air data are now archived on magnetic tape. Starting from 1987, Part I was re-titled as 'Surface Observations in Hong Kong' but the format and contents remained unchanged.
During the period 1884-1939, reports on some destructive typhoons were printed as Appendices to the Meteorological Results. This practice was extended and accounts of all tropical cyclones which caused gales in Hong Kong were included in the Director's Annual Departmental Reports from 1947 until 1967 inclusive. The series 'Meteorological Results, Part III - Tropical Cyclone Summaries' was subsequently introduced. It contained information on tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea. The first issue, which contained reports on tropical cyclones occurring in 1968, was published in 1971. Tropical cyclones within the area bounded by the Equator, 45oN, 100o E and 160o E were described. With reconnaissance aircraft reports (terminated from August 1987 onwards) and satellite pictures facilitating the tracking of tropical cyclones over the otherwise data-sparse ocean, the eastern boundary of the area of coverage was extended from 160o E to 180o from 1985 onwards. Starting from 1987, the series was re-titled as 'Tropical Cyclones in 19XX' but its contents remained largely the same.
Tracks of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea were published in Meteorological Results up to 1939 and in Meteorological Results, Part I from 1947 to 1967. Before 1961, only daily positions were plotted on the tracks. The time of the daily positions varied to some extent in the older publications but remained fixed at 0000 UTC after 1944. Details of the variation are given in the Royal Observatory Technical Memoir No. 11, Volume 1. From 1961 onwards, six-hourly positions are shown on the tracks of all tropical cyclones.
Provisional reports on individual tropical cyclones affecting Hong Kong have been prepared since 1960 to meet the immediate needs of the press, shipping companies and others. These reports are printed and supplied on request. Initially, reports were only written on those tropical cyclones for which gale or storm signals had been hoisted in Hong Kong. By 1968, it had become necessary to produce a report on every tropical cyclone that necessitated the hoisting of tropical cyclone warning signals.
In this publication, tropical cyclones are classified into the following four categories according to the maximum sustained surface winds near their centres:
A TROPICAL DEPRESSION (T.D.) has maximum sustained winds of less than 63 km/h.
A TROPICAL STORM (T.S.) has maximum sustained winds in the range 63-87 km/h.
A SEVERE TROPICAL STORM (S.T.S.) has maximum sustained winds in the range 88-117 km/h.
A TYPHOON (T.) has maximum sustained winds of 118 km/h or more.
Throughout this publication, maximum sustained surface winds when used without qualification refer to wind speeds averaged over a period of 10 minutes. Mean hourly winds were the winds averaged over a 60-minute interval ending on the hour. Daily rainfall amounts were rainfall recorded during a 24-hour period ending at midnight Hong Kong Time.
At the 13th session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee held in December 1980, a common system for identification of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea was adopted. Since 1 January 1981, the Japan Meteorological Agency has undertaken the responsibility of assigning to each tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity or above a common code which is composed of four digits. For example, the third tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity or above which occurred within the region in 1990 was assigned the code '9003'. In this publication, the appropriate code immediately follows the name of the tropical cyclone in bracket, for example, Typhoon Marian (9003).
Surface wind data presented in this report were obtained from a network of anemometers operated by the Royal Observatory. Details of the stations are listed on next page: