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INTRODUCTION
In Afghanistan’s complex protection context, characterized by continued returns, ongoing displacement, economic hardship, and sustained protection risks, Community-Based Protection Monitoring (CBPM) plays a central role in informing protection analysis and response. CBPM enables UNHCR and partners to systematically collect community reported information on protection risks, vulnerabilities, and coping mechanisms affecting returnees, internally displaced persons, and host communities. By generating regular, area specific evidence, CBPM supports the identification of priority protection concerns, facilitates the monitoring of protection trends over time, and informs UNHCR programming, coordination, and advocacy efforts. The analysis presented in this report is based on data collected through UNHCR’s CBPM tools, including household-level surveys, key informant interviews (KIIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs). These tools are designed to generate evidence based information on the protection needs and risks faced by returnee, displaced, and host communities, and to inform UNHCR programming, strategic decision-making, and advocacy, while also feeding into the Afghanistan Protection Cluster’s analysis and information products. Survey locations are selected based on the concentration of returnees and displaced populations. The CBPM covers UNHCR’s population groups of concern, including returnees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), IDP returnees, refugees and asylum seekers, as well as members of host communities. This report presents the full annual results and analysis of the 2025 CBPM exercise, providing a comprehensive overview of protection trends and a comparative assessment of findings across all four quarters, covering the period from January to December.